Shekaru dubu daya da suka wuce, a lokacin da Turawa ke tunanin cewa ido na fitar da haske kamar fitila, wani Musulmi a
Masar ya yi wani abu da ba wanda ya taba yi. Ya gwada. Ya lura. Ya rubuta. Kuma ya tabbatar da gaskiya ta hanyar gwaji, ba ta hanyar magana kawai ba.
Wannan shi ne labarin Ibn al-Haytham — mutumin da ya kafa harsashin kimiyyar zamani, kuma wanda har yau, shekaru 1000 bayan rasuwarsa, masana kimiyya na ci gaba da nazarin littattafansa.
Babban Labari
Basra: Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham a birnin Basra, Iraki, a shekara ta 965 miladiyya, a lokacin da Daular Abbasiyya ke mulki . Basra a wancan lokaci birni ne mai cike da ilimi, kasuwanci, da al'adun ilimi. Matasa da yawa suna zuwa can don neman ilimin lissafi, falsafa, da sauran ilimomi.
Ibn al-Haytham ya girma a cikin wannan yanayi na ilimi. Ya fara karatun lissafi da ilimin taurari tun yana karami. Ba da dadewa ba, ya zama sananne a matsayin masani a fannin lissafi. Masana tarihi sun ce ya yi aiki a matsayin wani babban jami'i a wata karamar masarauta da ta hada Basra da yankin Ahwaz .
Amma aikin gwamnati bai cika masa ba. Ibn al-Haytham ya so ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba daya ga binciken kimiyya. Wata rana, ya yanke shawara: ya bar aikinsa, ya koma Masar.
Masar: Ganawa da Khalifa
Lokacin da Ibn al-Haytham ya isa Masar, khalifan
Fatimiyya Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ne ke mulki . Al-Hakim shi ne wani sarki mai son ilimin taurari, amma kuma an san shi da tsaurin ra'ayi da rashin tabbatuwar hali.
Ibn al-Haytham ya zo Masar da wani shiri mai girma. Ya ba da shawara ga Khalifa cewa zai iya gina wani babban aikin injiniya don sarrafa kwararar kogin Nilu, don hana ambaliya da kuma samar da ruwa a lokacin rani .
Khalifa ya saurare shi. Amma bayan yin nazari mai zurfi, Ibn al-Haytham ya gane wani abu mai ban tsoro: shirin ba zai yiwu ba. Dams É—in da ya tsara ba zai iya tsayawa ba, kuma aikin zai ci kudi da yawa fiye da yadda aka zata .
Wannan shi ne lokacin da Ibn al-Haytham ya fuskanci matsalar da za ta sauya rayuwarsa. Ya fada wa Khalifa gaskiya: ba zai iya aiwatar da shirin ba.
Amma a wancan lokaci, faÉ—ar gaskiya ga Khalifa mai karfin hali kamar Al-Hakim yana da hadari. Ibn al-Haytham ya san hakan. Don haka, ya yi wani abu da ya ceci rayuwarsa: ya nuna kamar mahaukaci ne .
An kwantar da shi a gida. An tsare shi. Amma a cikin wannan kwanaki na kadaici, Ibn al-Haytham ya sami wani abu mai daraja fiye da 'yanci: lokaci don yin bincike.
Littafin da Ya Sauya Komai
A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan wannan lamari, Ibn al-Haytham ya rubuta littafinsa mafi shahara:
Kitab al-Manazir, wanda aka fi sani da
Book of Optics (Littafin Ilimin Gani) .
An kammala wannan littafi a wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1028 da 1038 miladiyya . Yana da littattafai bakwai (maqalas) da suka shafi kowane bangare na ilimin gani da haske.
Littafin ya fara da tambaya mai sauƙi: Yaya muke gani?
A wancan lokaci, akwai ra'ayoyi biyu game da gani. Ra'ayin da ya fi shahara shi ne na masanin Girka
Ptolemy da
Euclid, wanda ya ce ido na fitar da wani irin haske ko "haske" wanda ke taba abubuwa sannan ya dawo da hoto . Wato, ido kamar fitila ne da ke haskakawa waje.
Ibn al-Haytham ya ce a'a. Ra'ayinsa daban ne: haske daga abubuwa ne ke shiga ido, ba akasin haka ba .
Wannan ra'ayi — cewa haske na tafiya daga abu zuwa ido — a yau yana da sauÆ™i. Amma shekaru dubu daya da suka wuce, wannan wani abu ne mai ban mamaki.
Jarrabawa: Hanyar da Ba a Taɓa Yi Ba
Abin da ya fi bambanta Ibn al-Haytham shi ne yadda ya tabbatar da ra'ayinsa. Ba ya yin magana haka kawai. Ba ya dogara da rubuce-rubucen magabata kawai. Ya gwada.
Littafin Optics ya bayyana gwaje-gwaje da yawa da Ibn al-Haytham ya yi don tabbatar da ra'ayinsa game da gani. Ya yi gwaje-gwaje kan yadda haske ke tafiya, yadda yake aiki a kan madubai, da yadda yake juyawa (refraction) idan ya shiga cikin ruwa ko gilashi .
A cikin littafi na farko, Ibn al-Haytham ya bayyana cikakken tsarin ido, yadda haske ke shiga cikinsa, da yadda kwakwalwa ke fassara abin da muke gani . Ya tattauna yadda ake yin kuskure wajen gani — misali, idan abu ya yi nisa ko kusa da yawa, ko kuma idan haske ya yi yawa .
Littafi na biyu ya yi bayani kan yadda haske da launi ke shiga ido sannan kwakwalwa ke fassara su . Littafi na uku ya tattauna game da kuskuren gani da yadda idanu biyu suke aiki tare .
Sannan littattafai na hudu zuwa na shida sun tattauna madubai — yadda haske ke juyawa daga madubi, da kuma yadda hoto ke fitowa . Littafi na bakwai ya tattauna refraction — yadda haske ke juyawa idan ya ratsa ta ruwa ko gilashi .
Wannan tsari mai cikakken bayani game da dukkan fannonin ilimin gani ba a taba yin irinsa ba a tarihin dan adam.
Sirrin "Camera Obscura"
Wata daga cikin muhimman binciken da Ibn al-Haytham ya yi a cikin wannan littafi shi ne nazarinsa kan
camera obscura — wanda a Hausa za mu iya kira "dakin duhu" .
Camera obscura wani akwati ne mai duhu wanda ke da wani karamin rami a gefe daya. Idan haske ya shiga ta wannan rami, hoton abin da ke waje yana fitowa a bango na ciki, amma a juye .
Ibn al-Haytham ya yi nazari mai zurfi kan wannan al'amari. Ya gwada yadda girman ramin ke shafar hoton da ke fitowa. Ya gwada yadda nisan abu daga ramin ke shafar hoton. Ya gwada yadda siffar abu ke shafar hoton .
Wannan shi ne nazari na farko na kimiyya kan camera obscura a tarihin dan adam .
A yau, wannan ka'ida ce ta gaskiya da ke bayan yadda kyamarori suke aiki. Duk kyamarar da muke amfani da ita a wayoyinmu ta samo asali daga wannan ka'ida ta Ibn al-Haytham.
Amma Ibn al-Haytham ba shi ne ya kirkiro kyamara ba. Ba shi ne ya gina na'urar daukar hoto ba. Abin da ya yi shi ne fara bayyana ka'idar kimiyya da ke bayan yadda hoto ke fitowa — ka'idar da daga baya ta zama tushen kirkirar kyamara a Æ™arni na 19.
Hanyar Kimiyya ta Zamani
Abin da ya fi muhimmanci game da Ibn al-Haytham shi ne hanyar da ya bi wajen neman gaskiya.
Kafin zamaninsa, masana da yawa suna dogara ne kan maganganun magabata kamar
Aristotle ko Ptolemy. Idan Aristotle ya fadi wani abu, to gaskiya ne. Ba a bukatar tabbatarwa.
Ibn al-Haytham ya sauya wannan.
Ya ce: "Gaskiya ana neman ta ne don kanta, ba don wani mutum ba." Ya kuma ce masana — ko manya kamar Ptolemy — "ba su da kariya daga kuskure" .
Wannan magana tana da karfi sosai. A wancan lokaci, kalmar cewa Ptolemy na iya yin kuskure wani abu ne mai hadari. Amma Ibn al-Haytham ya fade ta.
Hanyar da ya bi wajen bincike ita ce: lura, tsara hasashe, gwada, sannan rubuta sakamako. Idan jarrabawa ya nuna hasashen ba daidai ba ne, to sai a sauya hasashen. Ba a tilasta gaskiya ta dace da ra'ayin da muka riga muka yanke ba .
Wannan ita ce
hanyar kimiyya ta zamani. Wasu masana tarihi suna kiran Ibn al-Haytham "masanin kimiyya na farko" saboda wannan hanyar .
Tasiri a Turai
Littafin Optics na Ibn al-Haytham bai tsaya a duniyar Musulunci ba. A ƙarni na 12, an fassara shi zuwa harshen Latin a Turai, inda aka fi saninsa da suna "
De Aspectibus" ko "Perspectiva" .
Wannan fassarar ta sauya tunanin Turawa game da gani da haske.
Masana kimiyya na Turai da suka yi karatun Ibn al-Haytham sun hada da:
·
Roger Bacon — wanda ya yi amfani da aikin Ibn al-Haytham wajen rubuta littafinsa kan ilimin gani
· Johannes Kepler — wanda ya ci gaba da binciken Ibn al-Haytham kan yadda ido ke aiki
· René Descartes — wanda ya yi karatun Optics kafin ya rubuta nasa
· Christiaan Huygens — wanda ya yi amfani da ka'idodin Ibn al-Haytham kan haske
Aikinsa bai tsaya a fannin ilimin gani kawai ba. Ya shafi ilimin lissafi, ilimin taurari, da falsafar kimiyya. Masana tarihi sun rubuta cewa tasirin Ibn al-Haytham ya kai har zuwa ƙarni na 17 a Turai .
Mutuwar Sa.
Bayan mutuwar Khalifa Al-Hakim a shekara ta 1021, Ibn al-Haytham ya sami 'yanci daga tsarewar da aka yi masa. Ya ci gaba da rayuwa a Alkahira, kusa da Masallacin Azhar da makarantarsa .
Masana tarihi sun rubuta cewa a karshen rayuwarsa, Ibn al-Haytham yana samun kudin shiga ne daga kwafin littattafan lissafi — kamar Elements na Euclid da Almagest na Ptolemy — wanda yake yi sau daya a shekara .
Wata rana, wani alkali mai suna Abd al-Rahman ibn Isa ya sadu da shi a Masar a shekara ta 430 bayan hijira (kusan 1038-1039 miladiyya), wato jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa .
Ibn al-Haytham ya rasu a Alkahira a wajajen shekara ta 1040 miladiyya, yana da shekaru kusan 75 .
Ilimin da Ya Bari
Ibn al-Haytham ya bar littattafai sama da 96 a fannonin kimiyya daban-daban. Fiye da 50 daga cikinsu sun tsira har yau .
Rabin rubuce-rubucensa kan ilimin lissafi ne. 14 kan ilimin gani. 23 kan ilimin taurari. Ya kuma rubuta kan falsafar lissafi, hydrostatics, da sauran fannoni .
A shekara ta 2015, UNESCO ta sanya bikin "Shekarar Haske ta Duniya" (International Year of Light) don tunawa da aikin Ibn al-Haytham shekaru 1000 bayan rubuta littafinsa .
A yau, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Sharjah da Warburg Institute a London suna ci gaba da nazarin rubuce-rubucensa. Wani aikin fassara na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da littattafai na IV da V na Optics zuwa Turanci, shekaru 1000 bayan an rubuta su .
Ya Allah, Ubangijin ilimi da hikima, ka sa mu daga cikin wadanda suke neman gaskiya da zuciya mai tsarki. Ka kara mana basira, ka kuma nuna mana hanyar da ta dace a duk ayyukanmu. Ka yi wa Ibn al-Haytham rahama, ka kuma sanya ilimin da ya bari ya zama amfani ga daukacin bil'adama. Amin.
Labarin Ibn al-Haytham ba labarin wani mutum ba ne kawai. Labari ne na yadda Musulmi daya ya nuna wa duniya cewa gaskiya tana samuwa ta hanyar bincike, ba ta hanyar imani makafi ba.
Ya rayu shekaru dubu daya da suka wuce. Ba shi da kyamara, ba shi da kwamfuta, ba shi da dakin gwaji na zamani. Amma yana da wani abu mafi karfi: son gaskiya da karfin yin tambayoyi.
Ya yi watsi da mukaminsa don neman ilimi. Ya yi kamar mahaukaci don ya ceci rayuwarsa. Ya rubuta littattafai da har yau Turawa suke karantawa don koyon yadda ake yin bincike.
Ibn al-Haytham ya nuna cewa addinin Musulunci da kimiyya ba abokan gaba ba ne. Su abokai ne. Tarihin Musulunci cike yake da irin wadannan mutane — wadanda suka yi imani da Allah sannan suka bincika halittunsa.
A yau, idan muka dauki hoto da wayarmu, muna amfani da wani sashe na ka'idar da Ibn al-Haytham ya fara bayyanawa shekaru 1000 da suka wuce. Idan muka ga abu kuma muka fahimci yadda idonmu ke aiki, muna cin gadon binciken da ya yi.
Wannan shi ne darasin Ibn al-Haytham: gaskiya tana jiran wanda zai nemi ta, ba wanda zai jira ta zo masa ba.
Tambaya ta me karatu
Idan Ibn al-Haytham ya rayu a yau, wace fannin kimiyya kuke tsammanin zai fi mayar da hankali a kai? Kuma me ya sa kuke ganin haka?
Sources:
[1] Kitab al-Manazir structure and content, De Gruyter Brill academic publication
[2] "A Polymath in the 10th Century," Science Magazine, 2002
[4] Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception, American Philosophical Society, 2001
[5] "Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist," WorldCat
[7] "Study sheds light on 11th century Arab-Muslim optical scientist," EurekAlert, 2024
[8] "First Scientist: Ibn Al-Haytham," Blue Dome Press, 2021
[9] A.I. Sabra, Optics, Astronomy and Logic, Ashgate, 1994
[10] "A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse," Springer, 2016
[13] UNESCO, "1000 Years of Arabic Optics," 2014
[14] "Iraqi Scientists" biographical reference
[15] "Ibn al-Haytham's Thousand-Year Journey from Basra to Mars," Taylor & Francis, 2017
[17] Abdelhamid I. Sabra, "Brief life of an Arab mathematician," Huntington
