Sashe na 6:Tarihin Rayuwar Al-Khwarizmi da Harsashin Algebra (Al-Jabr)

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi shi ne wanda ya kafa ginshiƙin ilimin Algebra kamar yadda ake saninsa a yau. A hakikanin gaskiya, kalmar Algebra kanta ta samo asali ne daga taken littafinsa mai suna “Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala”, ma’ana “Littafin Taƙaitaccen Lissafi ta hanyar Gyara da Daidaitawa.” Wannan littafi ne da ya canza tsarin tunanin lissafi gaba ɗaya a duniya.

A cikin wannan littafi, Al-Khwarizmi ya bayyana hanyoyin magance matsalolin da suka shafi bashi, kasuwanci, rabon gado, da ma’aunin ƙasa da tazara. Ya tsara yadda za a warware matsalolin da suka shafi quadratic equations (ƙididdigar murabba’i), wanda a wancan zamani babu wani tsarin kimiyya da ya kai wannan tsari.

Misali, ya bayyana dokar warware irin wannan matsala:

ax² + bx = c,

ta hanyar amfani da dabarar completing the square — hanyar da ake amfani da ita har yanzu a lissafi na zamani.

A zamanin da yake rubuta wannan littafi, yawancin ƙididdiga ana yin su ne da kalmomi, ba tare da amfani da alamomin aljebra kamar +, −, da = ba. Don haka, littafinsa ya zama mai muhimmanci sosai wajen kafa harsashin da daga bisani Turawa suka ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa tsarin lissafi da muke amfani da shi a yau.

A lokacin da aka fassara littafinsa zuwa Latin a ƙarni na 12, sunan Al-Jabr ya zama “Algebra,” kuma sunansa Al-Khwarizmi ya rikide zuwa kalmar Algorithm — wato tsarin umarni da ake bi don warware matsala. Wannan ne ya sa ake kiran shi “Uban Algebra” a tarihi.

Littafinsa bai tsaya kan ka’idojin warware matsaloli kawai ba. Ya haɗa lissafi da aikace-aikacen yau da kullum:

Lissafin rabo da kasuwanci

Kidayar nisan ƙasa da fadin fili

Kidayar gado bisa ga tsarin shari’ar Musulunci

Kimiyyar ma’auni da yadda ake ƙididdige abubuwa a kasuwanci

Ta wannan hanya, Al-Khwarizmi ya haɗa addini da kimiyya, da duniya da lissafi. Abin mamaki, wannan littafi nasa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan da suka taimaka wajen faruwar Renaissance a Turai bayan an fassara shi.

A ƙarshe, tsarin tunanin da Al-Khwarizmi ya gina a cikin Al-Jabr ya zama hanyar lissafi da tunani mai tsari wadda har yanzu duniya ke amfani da ita. Ko da yanzu, idan ɗalibi yana koyo game da algorithms ko algebraic expressions, ainihin asalin tunanin yana komawa ga Al-Khwarizmi ne.